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264. Ugly Number II

An ugly number is a positive integer whose prime factors are limited to 2, 3, and 5.

Given an integer n, return the nth ugly number.

Example 1:

Input: n = 10
Output: 12
Explanation: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12] is the sequence of the first 10 ugly numbers.

Example 2:

Input: n = 1
Output: 1
Explanation: 1 has no prime factors, therefore all of its prime factors are limited to 2, 3, and 5.

方法一:最小堆

要得到从小到大的第 n 个丑数,可以使用最小堆实现。

初始时堆为空。首先将最小的丑数 1 加入堆。

每次取出堆顶元素 x,则 x 是堆中最小的丑数,由于 \(2x,3x,5x\)也是丑数,因此将 \(2x, 3x, 5x\)加入堆。

上述做法会导致堆中出现重复元素的情况。为了避免重复元素,可以使用哈希集合去重,避免相同元素多次加入堆。

在排除重复元素的情况下,第 n 次从最小堆中取出的元素即为第 n 个丑数。

代码

c
class Solution {
public:
    int nthUglyNumber(int n) {
        vector<int> factors = {2, 3, 5};
        unordered_set<long> seen;
        priority_queue<long, vector<long>, greater<long>> heap;
        seen.insert(1L);
        heap.push(1L);
        int ugly = 0;
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            long curr = heap.top();
            heap.pop();
            ugly = (int)curr;
            for (int factor : factors) {
                long next = curr * factor;
                if (!seen.count(next)) {
                    seen.insert(next);
                    heap.push(next);
                }
            }
        }
        return ugly;
    }
};

方法二:动态规划

定义数组 \(\textit{dp}\),其中 \(\textit{dp}[i]\) 表示第 i 个丑数,第 n 个丑数即为 \(\textit{dp}[n]\)

由于最小的丑数是 1,因此 \(\textit{dp}[1]=1\)

如何得到其余的丑数呢?定义三个指针 \(p_2\),\(p_3\),\(p_5\) ,表示下一个丑数是当前指针指向的丑数乘以对应的质因数。初始时,三个指针的值都是 11。

\(2 \le i \le n\) 时,令 \(\textit{dp}[i]=\min(\textit{dp}[p_2] \times 2, \textit{dp}[p_3] \times 3, \textit{dp}[p_5] \times 5)\),然后分别比较 \(\textit{dp}[i]\)\(\textit{dp}[p_2] \times 2\),\(\textit{dp}[p_3] \times 3\),\(\textit{dp}[p_5] \times 5\)是否相等,如果相等则将对应的指针加 1

这样做本质上和方法一的最小堆一样,总是把最小的那个数取出来,依次乘以2,3,5取最小值!

正确性证明

对于 i>1,在计算 \(\textit{dp}[i]\)时,指针 \(p_x(x \in \{2,3,5\})\) 的含义是使得 \(\textit{dp}[j] \times x>\textit{dp}[i-1]\)的最小的下标 j,即当 \(j \ge p_x\)\(\textit{dp}[j] \times x>\textit{dp}[i-1]\),当 \(j<p_x\)\(\textit{dp}[j] \times x \le \textit{dp}[i-1]\)

因此,对于 i>1,在计算 \(\textit{dp}[i]\)时,\(\textit{dp}[p_2] \times 2,\textit{dp}[p_3] \times 3,\textit{dp}[p_5] \times 5\)都大于 \(\textit{dp}[i-1]\)\(\textit{dp}[p_2-1] \times 2\),\(\textit{dp}[p_3-1] \times 3\),\(\textit{dp}[p_5-1] \times 5\)都小于或等于 \(\textit{dp}[i-1]\)

\(\textit{dp}[i]=\min(\textit{dp}[p_2] \times 2, \textit{dp}[p_3] \times 3, \textit{dp}[p_5] \times 5)\),则 \(\textit{dp}[i]>\textit{dp}[i-1]\)\(dp[i]\)是大于\(dp[i-1]\)的最小的丑数。

在计算 \(\textit{dp}[i]\)之后,会更新三个指针 \(p_2,p_3,p_5\),更新之后的指针将用于计算 \(\textit{dp}[i+1]\),同样满足 \(\textit{dp}[i+1]>\textit{dp}[i]\)\(\textit{dp}[i+1]\)是大于 \(\textit{dp}[i]\)的最小的丑数。

代码

c
class Solution {
public:
    int nthUglyNumber(int n) {
        vector<int> dp(n + 1);
        dp[1] = 1;
        int p2 = 1, p3 = 1, p5 = 1;
        for (int i = 2; i <= n; i++) {
            int num2 = dp[p2] * 2, num3 = dp[p3] * 3, num5 = dp[p5] * 5;
            dp[i] = min(min(num2, num3), num5);
            if (dp[i] == num2) {
                p2++;
            }
            if (dp[i] == num3) {
                p3++;
            }
            if (dp[i] == num5) {
                p5++;
            }
        }
        return dp[n];
    }
};

复杂度分析

时间复杂度:\(O(n)\)。需要计算数组 \(\textit{dp}\)中的 n 个元素,每个元素的计算都可以在 \(O(1)\)的时间内完成。

空间复杂度:\(O(n)\)。空间复杂度主要取决于数组 \(\textit{dp}\)的大小。

用心记录,持续成长